Pengembangan Rasa Percaya Diri Siswa dengan Hambatan Penglihatan melalui Pembelajaran Renang di SLB Kota Kediri
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62385/literal.v4i01.250Keywords:
Adaptive physical education, Self-confidence, Special needs school, Swimming lessons, Visual impairment, hambatan penglihatan, Pembelajaran berenang, Pendidikan jasmani adaptif, Rasa percaya diri, Sekolah Luar BiasaAbstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of swimming instruction on improving the self-confidence of students with visual impairments at SLB Balowerti, Kediri City. This research employed a quantitative approach using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The participants consisted of five students with visual impairments. Data were collected using a self-confidence questionnaire administered before and after the swimming instruction. The data were analyzed using the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for normality and the Paired Sample T-Test with the assistance of SPSS. The results showed that before participating in the swimming instruction, all respondents were in the low self-confidence category. After the intervention, four respondents demonstrated an improvement in category: two respondents moved to the moderate category and two respondents reached the high category, while one respondent remained in the low category. The normality test indicated that the pretest and posttest data were normally distributed, with a significance value of 0.200. Furthermore, the Paired Sample T-Test obtained a significance value of 0.039 < 0.05, indicating a significant difference in self-confidence before and after the swimming instruction. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that swimming instruction has a significant effect on improving the self-confidence of students with visual impairments at SLB Balowerti, Kediri City. Swimming provides a challenging, structured, and meaningful learning experience because students are encouraged to adapt to the aquatic environment, follow instructions, overcome fear, and develop confidence in their own abilities. Therefore, swimming instruction can be used as an alternative adaptive physical education activity in special needs schools.
Downloads
References
An, M., Tanaka, R., Hirota, N., Sasai, T., Takahashi, H., Ogawa, Y., … Kato, T. (2024). A scoping review of adapted physical activity interventions for children and youth with disabilities using international classification of functioning, disability and health: children and youth version as a reference. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 70(7), 1127–1152. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2022.2161987 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2022.2161987
Anderson-Cook, C. M. (2005). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Retrived from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1198/jasa.2005.s22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1198/jasa.2005.s22
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman and Company.
Bierer, S. B., Beck Dallaghan, G., Borges, N. J., Brondfield, S., Fung, C. C., Huggett, K. N., Teal, C. R., Thammasitboon, S., & Colbert, C. Y. (2025). Moving beyond simplistic research design in health professions education: What a one-group pretest-posttest design will not prove. MedEdPORTAL, 21, 11527. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11527 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11527
Borland, R. L., Cameron, L. A., Tonge, B. J., & Gray, K. M. (2022). Effects of physical activity on behaviour and emotional problems, mental health and psychosocial well-being in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: A systematic review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 35(2), 399–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12961 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12961
Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Rand McNally & Company.
Carretti G, Manetti M and Marini M (2023) Physical activity and sport practice to improve balance control of visually impaired individuals: a narrative review with future perspectives. Front. Sports Act. Living 5:1260942. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1260942 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1260942
Carson, T. B., Irwin, J. M., Santiago Perez, T., Frampton, I., & Ruby, L. (2025). Effectiveness of a 5-day adapted swim instruction program for children with disabilities. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, 5, Article 1496185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2024.1496185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2024.1496185
Clements, T., Cochrane Wilkie, J., & Richmond, J. (2024). The types of physical activities children with visual impairment participate in and the reasons why. British Journal of Visual Impairment, 42(2), 363-374. Retrived from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/02646196221131741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02646196221131741
Dell’Anna, S., Pellegrini, M., Ianes, D., & Vivanet, G. (2022). Learning, social, and psychological outcomes of students with moderate, severe, and complex disabilities in inclusive education: A systematic review. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 69(6), 2025–2041. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2020.1843143 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2020.1843143
Graham K, Ostojic K, Johnston L, Dutia I, Barnes-Keoghan E, Clutterbuck GL. Swimming for Children with Disability: Experiences of Rehabilitation and Swimming Professionals in Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(11):1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111633 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111633
Haegele, J., Zhu, X., & Davis, S. (2018). Barriers and facilitators of physical education participation for students with disabilities: An exploratory study. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 22(2), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2017.1362046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2017.1362046
Jebb, A. T., Ng, V., & Tay, L. (2021). A review of key Likert scale development advances: 1995–2019. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 637547. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637547 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637547
Kusmaryono, I., Wijayanti, D., & Maharani, H. R. (2022). Number of response options, reliability, validity, and potential bias in the use of the likert scale education and social science research: a literature review. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 8(4), 625-637. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.8.4.625 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.8.4.625
Morocho, E. K. A., Chávez, E. A. C., Sevilla, J. S. O., Arias, K. N. R., & Hidalgo, N. P. S. (2021). Using swimming for visually impaired people. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(4), 2684–2696.
Qi, J., & Ha, A. S. (2021). Inclusion in physical education: A systematic review of literature. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 68(6), 690–706. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2019.1699645
Sherrill, C. (2005). Adapted Physical Activity. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 22(3), 302-305. Retrieved Jun 28, 2026, from https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.22.3.302 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.22.3.302
World Health Organization. (2024). Physical activity: Overview. Retrieved August 18, 2024, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity
Yildirimer, K. S. (2025). Disability, education and psychology: Psychological dynamics in individual development and education process. Dinamika Ilmu, 25(2), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v25i2.10041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v25i2.10041
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Eka Azza, Dwi Sulistyo N, Zart Vegay D.R., Nanang Purwitono, Nur Ahmad Muharram, Siti Hartini Azmi, Gunathevan Elumalai
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under an Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
